Si el agua, hoy, es considerado un bien escaso, en pocos años más, la situación empeorará para casi todos los países del globo, y Chile no será la excepción.
Chile tiene una condición extraordinaria como un país rico en recursos hídricos. Sin embargo, el uso ineficiente del agua potable junto con el cambio climático han provocado graves consecuencias sociales, culturales y económicas. (fuente)
En Chile, el agua es considerado un bien nacional de uso público (art. 595 del Código Civil), pero la fórmula para su aprovechamiento no responde necesariamente al interés público, sino más bien al uso privado. Los derechos de aprovechamiento de agua, en Chile, han sido entregados de forma gratuita y perpetua a particulares, los cuales hacen uso de su título bajo la precaria regulación existente.
Para el actual Código de Aguas de Chile (que tiene vigencia desde el año 1981), no hay impedimento alguno para transar, vender, transferir, etc., los títulos de aprovechamiento otorgados (mientras los derechos concedidos no interfieran entre sí). Así, el agua tendrá un valor económico y será el mercado quien defina las reglas del juego –porque así lo definió el legislador. (fuente)
Por consiguiente, problemas como una mala distribución de recursos, especulación, acumulación de títulos de aprovechamiento, concentración de poder de mercado, entre otros, son parte de este modelo de gestión que se basa en el mercado –y que tiende, además, a ser un mercado monopólico y no competitivo.
Desde su aplicación hasta hoy, la entrega de derechos de aprovechamiento de aguas ha generado una evidente escasez del recurso hídrico tanto para uso humano (bebida y saneamiento) como para uso económico en valles y cuencas que se dedican a la pequeña y mediana agricultura como también para el mantenimiento mínimo del medio ambiente (biodiversidad y biosfera).
Para corregir esta situación mencionada, hoy, en el Congreso Nacional, se discutirá un proyecto de ley que viene a cambiar el espíritu del Código de Aguas y revertir los graves problemas suscitados, con pretensiones de esclarecer su uso como bien público y derecho humano esencial, otorgar prioridades en su uso, mejorar la gestión en su distribución, incrementar la participación ciudadana, establecer mínimos ecológicos para la no destrucción de ecosistemas, entre otras.
Por esta razón, es que debemos prestar especial atención a lo que se estará votando en el Congreso Nacional porque, con la reforma al Código de Aguas, no sólo estará en juego el tipo de sociedad en la que queremos vivir (en donde se respeten nuestros bienes de uso público), sino también la subsistencia del recurso hídrico para uso presente y futuro a lo largo de nuestro país.
Alexander Núñez Salinas es Magíster en Políticas Públicas y Licenciado en Filosofía de la Universidad de Chile. Su trabajo se enfoca principalmente en políticas públicas ambientales y la ética medio ambiental.
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